Public interventions can play an important role in facilitating private infrastructure investments where risks create a substantial barrier to private investments, or where the PPP model is still underdeveloped or in its initial stages. Public interventions can constitute direct financial commitments (such as subsidies, grants, equity investment and debt) or indirect commitments (such as guarantees).

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This section provides detailed information on:

• Multilateral Development Finance Institutions: these support private participation in infrastructure investments through products such as equity participation, long-term loans, guarantees and technical assistance.
• National Development Finance Institutions: these may provide financing for private investment such as infrastructure projects.
• Public interventions specific to ASEAN Member States:
  • Brunei Darussalam
  • Cambodia
  • Lao PDR
  • Indonesia
  • Malaysia
  • Myanmar
  • Philippines
  • Singapore
  • Thailand
  • Viet Nam